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One number decides everything
A crypto loan has no repayment date and no credit check. What it has instead is a price. Your collateral sits in a contract, and while it is worth enough relative to what you borrowed, nothing happens. The moment it is not, anybody can repay part of your loan and take your collateral at a discount, and the contract will let them.
Nobody calls you. There is no grace period and no appeal, and it happens fastest in exactly the conditions that cause it, when the network is busy and the price is moving.
So the number worth knowing is the one above. Work it out before you borrow, not while it is happening.
Find the threshold, not the maximum LTV
Protocols publish two numbers per asset. The maximum loan to value is how much you are allowed to borrow at the start. The liquidation threshold is the higher number where you get liquidated. The gap between them is your entire margin for error.
Divide the debt by the collateral you could lose
Debt, divided by the number of tokens times the threshold, is the price. Two ether at an eighty percent threshold against two thousand dollars borrowed liquidates at $1,250 a coin.
Ask whether you would survive that fall
Not whether you think it will happen. A fifty percent drawdown has happened to every major crypto asset more than once, and to most of them in a single week.
Decide now what you would do at half the distance
Repay some, add collateral, or accept it. Deciding at three in the morning while the gas price triples is not a plan.
The health factor is the same information in a different shape. It is your collateral times the threshold, divided by your debt. At 1.0 you are liquidated. Below about 1.5 you have very little room, and a bad hour can cross it.
Faster than you can react
| Step | What it means for you |
|---|---|
| A price feed crosses your threshold | The oracle price, not the price on any one exchange. It can differ from what you see on a chart. |
| A bot repays part of your loan | Liquidation is competitive and automated. It is usually executed within one block. |
| It seizes collateral worth the repayment plus a bonus | That bonus is the penalty, and it comes out of your collateral. It is the fee for being late. |
| Your loan shrinks and so does your collateral | Many protocols only liquidate part of the position at a time, so it can happen repeatedly as the price keeps falling. |
| You keep whatever is left | A liquidation is not a total loss. It is a forced sale at a discount, at the worst moment, which is bad enough. |
Borrowing against collateral is usually not a taxable event, but a liquidation is a sale, and it can produce a tax bill in a year when you lost money. See taxable events.
Common questions
What is the difference between maximum LTV and the liquidation threshold?
The maximum loan to value is the most you are allowed to borrow when you open the position. The liquidation threshold is the higher ratio at which you are liquidated. Borrowing right up to the maximum leaves you only that gap of room, which is usually five or ten percent of price.
Can I be liquidated if the price never falls?
Yes. Interest accrues on the debt, so the ratio worsens on its own over time. A position left alone for a year can drift into liquidation in a flat market.
Does this work for leveraged futures too?
The idea is the same but the arithmetic is not. Futures liquidation depends on margin, leverage and the maintenance margin rate rather than a collateral threshold. Use your venue’s own calculator for those.
What if I post two different assets as collateral?
Then each has its own threshold and the protocol works out a weighted average. This calculator handles one asset. For a mixed position, read the health factor the protocol itself shows you.
Is a stablecoin loan safe from liquidation?
The debt side being stable removes one of the two moving parts, which helps. The collateral side still moves, and that is the side that liquidates you.
Want a hand using these on your own position?
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