All terms
Blockchains being able to read and act on each other state.
Chains are isolated by default. Interoperability is the work of letting them communicate: moving assets, passing messages, or letting a contract on one chain react to something on another.
Approaches range from trusted bridges to light client verification to shared messaging standards like IBC. The tradeoff is always between how fast and general the solution is and how much you have to trust.
IBC in the Cosmos ecosystem lets independent chains move tokens between each other without a trusted intermediary.
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